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The crane boom is set at 16 ft (distance b). Review Figure 2 and assume that M 1 (the counterweight) is 1,000 ton at a distance of 40 ft (distance a) from the centre of rotation. The mechanical advantage of the lever is the ratio of the output force (M 1) to the input force (M 2) in this case is M 1 / M 2 = b / a = 2. When the input force M 2 = 50 (kg or LBS or ton) and a = 10 and b = 20 (centimetre or metre or foot), the formula M 1*a = M 2*b leads to M 1 = 100. Where M 1 and M 2 are the weights, and a and b are the distances to the fulcrum. The mechanical advantage of a lever can be determined by reviewing the moments about the fulcrum. A lever is a device consisting of a beam connected to the ground by a hinge or pivot, called the fulcrum. The boom makes use of the principle of the lever.
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The first type of mechanical advantage that a crane uses is its boom. This definition is actually twofold, the first part explains the purpose of a crane and the second part explains the reason for the mechanical advantage. By use of mechanical advantage it can handle weights beyond the normal capability of man.” Let’s start with a definition of a crane: “A crane is a machine that is used to lift or lower a weight. This article highlights two types of mechanical advantage used by a crane. Hydraulic gantries, climbing jacks, platform transporters and hydraulic cranes are all examples of complex machines but they all rely on the principle of pressure (hydraulic oil from a pump) applied against an area (the piston in a cylinder or ram) creating a force amplification that can lift or move an object (see IC November 2013, page 37). The principles behind such machines, however, are often very basic. Many of the machines that we use are complex (and expensive). Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by the tools in question. Such machines make use of a phenomenon called mechanical advantage. In our heavy lift and heavy transport industry we often rely on machines or tools that make our life easier. In a slight variation from the usual theme of our technical how-to-series, this month Marco van Daal uses a case study to illustrate several of the principles and calculation methods explained in earler articles.